PML-N and PPP Alliance in Pakistan: A Fragile Coalition Facing Growing Strains

Arshad Mahmood Awan

The political dynamic between Pakistan’s two major political forces, the Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz (PML-N) and the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP), has become a focal point in the country’s rapidly shifting political landscape. Following the controversial February 8 elections and the formation of the second Pakistan Democratic Movement (PDM) government last year, the once-strong alliance between these two parties is now beginning to show signs of strain. What initially appeared to be a robust coalition is increasingly characterized by growing disagreements, unmet expectations, and political maneuvering that threaten the stability of the fragile alliance.

When the first PDM government was formed under the leadership of Shehbaz Sharif, the political cooperation between PML-N and PPP appeared promising. At that time, the PPP was not only an active participant in the federal cabinet, but it also occupied several key positions, including the foreign ministry. This demonstrated a united front and a clear sense of partnership, with both parties seemingly committed to ensuring the smooth running of the government. However, this initial cooperation is increasingly being overshadowed by the growing tensions and dissatisfaction within the PPP.

Recently, the PPP has adopted a different political strategy by opting not to join the cabinet and instead focusing on securing key constitutional roles. These include the governorship of Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, the chairmanship of the Senate, and even the presidency. This shift is indicative of the PPP’s desire to maintain a degree of political influence while distancing itself from the controversial decisions being made by the PML-N-led government.

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The PPP’s decision to avoid cabinet positions is largely driven by its efforts to safeguard its own political future. The PML-N-led government, particularly after the disputed elections, has been unpopular with the public, and the PPP, keen on protecting its own image, is seemingly unwilling to be directly associated with an administration that is viewed with skepticism by many. By taking up constitutional positions rather than ministerial ones, the PPP ensures it remains involved in governance but avoids the potential fallout from decisions that are increasingly seen as contentious and unpopular.

Despite its decision to distance itself from the government, the PPP has not hesitated to voice its concerns and criticize the PML-N leadership. A series of issues have contributed to the growing tension between the two parties, including internet restrictions, disputes over provincial resource distribution, and the creation of the Pakistan Maritime and Seaport Authority. These disagreements are particularly pronounced when it comes to the treatment of Sindh, the PPP’s stronghold.

PPP Chairman Bilawal Bhutto-Zardari has been particularly outspoken in his criticism of the PML-N government, accusing them of failing to honor agreements made with the PPP. He has expressed frustration with the perceived neglect of Sindh, especially regarding the withholding of vital resources. Bilawal has even described the treatment of Sindh as that of a “stepchild,” a term that reflects the growing disillusionment within the PPP ranks. This has only served to deepen the rift between the two parties, especially when it comes to the equitable distribution of resources between Pakistan’s provinces.

The PML-N may be underestimating the consequences of ignoring the PPP’s grievances. Some within the party may feel that the PPP has limited options within the current coalition framework and that its continued support for the government is a foregone conclusion. However, such thinking could be a dangerous miscalculation. The PPP remains an essential partner for the government’s survival, and its support is crucial for ensuring the continuation of the coalition. Dismissing the concerns of the PPP risks not only alienating a vital partner but also undermining the government’s ability to function effectively.

The PPP’s criticisms are not without merit. They reflect genuine concerns about governance, fairness, and resource allocation, all of which are central to the party’s political identity. By failing to address these issues, the PML-N risks exacerbating the dissatisfaction within the PPP, which could ultimately weaken the government’s stability and functionality. The ongoing criticism from the PPP underscores the importance of listening to coalition partners and ensuring that their concerns are addressed in a timely and meaningful way.

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The role of the PPP in securing key legislative victories for the PML-N should not be underestimated. Senior PML-N figures have acknowledged the importance of the PPP’s support, particularly in the passage of the 26th Amendment, which was crucial to the success of the PML-N’s legislative agenda. Without the PPP’s backing, many of the government’s key achievements would have been much harder to realize. Therefore, dismissing the PPP’s grievances or taking their support for granted would be a politically risky move that could have long-term consequences for the PML-N’s ability to maintain power.

The PML-N needs to recognize that alliances, especially fragile ones formed under difficult political circumstances, require constant attention and nurturing. All political coalitions are inherently delicate and demand careful management. In this case, the PML-N must engage in meaningful dialogue with the PPP, address its concerns, and work toward fostering a cooperative and mutually beneficial relationship. Maintaining a good relationship with the PPP is not just about avoiding political fallout; it is about ensuring the long-term stability of the government and the success of the legislative agenda.

In conclusion, the relationship between the PML-N and PPP has entered a critical phase. While the initial cooperation between the two parties helped establish the PDM government, growing tensions and unresolved issues are now threatening the stability of this alliance. The PPP’s shift away from direct involvement in the cabinet and its vocal criticism of the PML-N signal a deepening rift that could have significant implications for Pakistan’s political future.

The PML-N must understand the importance of addressing the PPP’s concerns and ensuring that the alliance remains intact. The PPP’s support is vital for the survival of the government, and ignoring its grievances could have far-reaching consequences. Moving forward, both parties must engage in constructive dialogue, address their differences, and work toward rebuilding the trust that once defined their cooperation. Only through careful management and compromise can the fragile alliance between the PML-N and PPP endure and contribute to the stability of Pakistan’s political landscape.

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